Understanding the Distance: How Far is Crazy Horse from Mt. Rushmore?
When planning a visit to the iconic landmarks of South Dakota, many travelers often wonder about the proximity between the Crazy Horse Memorial and Mount Rushmore. These two monumental sculptures, both steeped in American history and culture, are located in the Black Hills region, making them popular stops for tourists. The distance between them is approximately 17 miles (or 27 kilometers) by road, which can typically be covered in about 30 minutes under normal driving conditions. However, the scenic routes can often add to the travel time, especially during peak tourist seasons.
Driving Directions and Routes
To travel from Mount Rushmore to the Crazy Horse Memorial, visitors usually take SD-244 E, which leads directly to the Crazy Horse site. This route offers breathtaking views of the Black Hills, allowing travelers to soak in the natural beauty of the area. It’s important to note that SD-244 is often busy, particularly during the summer months, so plan accordingly. If you prefer a more leisurely drive, consider taking the Iron Mountain Road. This route features winding roads, tunnels, and stunning vistas, making it a delightful experience for nature enthusiasts.
Visitor Information and Hours
Both attractions have distinct visitor hours and operational guidelines. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is open year-round, though specific visitor services vary by season. The Crazy Horse Memorial, on the other hand, operates from late spring to early fall, with extended hours during the summer months. Visitors should check the respective websites for the most current information on opening times, ticket prices, and any special events. For instance, the Crazy Horse Memorial often hosts cultural events and educational programs, which can enhance the experience for visitors interested in Native American history.
Planning Your Visit
When planning your visit to both sites, consider the potential for inclement weather, especially during the winter months. The Black Hills region can experience rapid weather changes, and winter driving conditions may affect travel times. Furthermore, it’s wise to familiarize yourself with local regulations regarding outdoor activities, such as hiking or photography, particularly in national park areas. Always adhere to guidelines set forth by the National Park Service and other local authorities to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience.
Additional Attractions Along the Route
While the primary focus may be on Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore, there are numerous other attractions along the way that can enrich your visit. For example, consider stopping at the Custer State Park, which is located near the route. This park offers opportunities for wildlife viewing, hiking, and scenic drives. The Wildlife Loop Road is particularly popular, allowing visitors to see bison, elk, and other native species in their natural habitat. Another noteworthy stop is the Needles Highway, renowned for its stunning granite formations and picturesque views, making it a perfect addition to your itinerary.
For more detailed information on planning your trip to these historical landmarks, check out our guide on [visiting South Dakota’s National Parks](#).
Exploring the Scenic Route: Best Ways to Travel Between Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore
When planning a trip between Crazy Horse Memorial and Mount Rushmore, travelers are presented with numerous options that highlight the stunning beauty of the Black Hills region. The distance between these two iconic landmarks is approximately 17 miles, but the journey can be enriched by choosing scenic routes that provide breathtaking views and unique experiences.
Scenic Byways and Natural Beauty
One of the best ways to travel between Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore is via the Iron Mountain Road. This scenic byway stretches approximately 17 miles and features numerous switchbacks, tunnels, and breathtaking vistas. The road was designed to showcase the natural beauty of the Black Hills, with three unique tunnels that frame the view of Mt. Rushmore as you approach. According to the South Dakota Department of Transportation, over 400,000 vehicles travel this route annually, making it a popular choice for both tourists and locals.
Additionally, travelers can opt for the Needles Highway, which is another stunning route that winds through the granite spires of the Black Hills. This road is renowned for its sharp turns and narrow lanes, making it a thrilling drive for adventurous spirits. Along this route, visitors can stop at numerous viewpoints, hike scenic trails, and explore the diverse wildlife that inhabits the area. The Needles Highway is part of the Black Hills National Forest, which encompasses over 1.2 million acres of protected land, ensuring a rich environment for outdoor enthusiasts.
Unique Stops and Attractions
While traveling between Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore, consider taking a detour to explore additional attractions that enrich your experience. For example, the Custer State Park is located just off the main route and offers opportunities for wildlife viewing, including bison, elk, and deer. The park boasts over 71,000 acres of pristine wilderness and is home to the famous Buffalo Roundup, which occurs every September and draws thousands of spectators. The park also features scenic drives, hiking trails, and picnic areas, making it a perfect stop for families and nature lovers alike.
Another noteworthy stop is the Black Hills Wild Horse Sanctuary, which is dedicated to the preservation of wild mustangs. Visitors can take guided tours to learn about the sanctuary’s mission and observe these majestic animals in their natural habitat. According to the sanctuary, they care for over 600 wild horses, providing a unique opportunity to connect with these beautiful creatures while supporting conservation efforts.
Travel Tips and Regulations
Before embarking on your scenic journey, it is essential to be aware of local laws and regulations. South Dakota has specific rules regarding the operation of vehicles on scenic byways, including speed limits and road conditions. Travelers should adhere to the posted speed limits, which are typically lower on winding roads like Iron Mountain and Needles Highway. It is also advisable to check for any seasonal road closures or construction updates through the South Dakota Department of Transportation’s website.
For those planning to hike or explore the natural areas, remember to carry adequate supplies, including water, snacks, and appropriate clothing. In accordance with the Leave No Trace principles, ensure you pack out what you pack in to protect the pristine environment of the Black Hills. Additionally, be mindful of wildlife and maintain a safe distance, as many animals can be unpredictable.
Making the Most of Your Journey
To enhance your travel experience, consider downloading maps and guides that highlight key attractions and scenic viewpoints along the route. Mobile apps and GPS devices can help you navigate the winding roads while providing real-time updates on traffic and weather conditions. Also, engaging with local visitor centers can offer insights into lesser-known spots and events occurring in the area.
As you travel between Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore, embrace the opportunity to create memorable experiences by taking the time to explore the landscape and history of the Black Hills. Whether you choose to drive, hike, or participate in guided tours, the journey will be as rewarding as the destination itself. For additional resources, visit the [South Dakota Tourism website](https://www.travelsd.com) for up-to-date information on attractions and travel tips.
What to Expect: Key Attractions Along the Journey from Crazy Horse to Mt. Rushmore
As you embark on the journey from the Crazy Horse Memorial to Mount Rushmore, you’ll find a wealth of attractions that showcase the rich cultural heritage and stunning natural beauty of the Black Hills region. This route is not just a drive; it’s an experience filled with history, art, and breathtaking landscapes. Understanding what to expect can enhance your visit, making it both memorable and enriching.
1. Crazy Horse Memorial
Your adventure begins at the Crazy Horse Memorial, a monumental sculpture in progress dedicated to the Lakota leader, Crazy Horse. This site is not only an impressive artistic endeavor but also serves as a cultural center aimed at educating visitors about Native American history and culture. The sculpture, which is the largest in the world, stands at 563 feet long and 641 feet high. The site features a museum that houses a vast collection of Native American artifacts, with over 20,000 items on display. In 2021, over 300,000 people visited the memorial, underscoring its significance as a cultural landmark.
2. Custer State Park
After leaving Crazy Horse, a stop at Custer State Park is a must. Spanning over 71,000 acres, this park is renowned for its stunning landscapes and diverse wildlife, including the famous herd of bison. The park offers numerous activities such as hiking, fishing, and scenic drives. The Wildlife Loop Road is particularly popular, providing an opportunity to see bison, elk, and pronghorn antelope in their natural habitat. The park is also a great place for camping, with numerous sites available, making it an ideal stop for those looking to immerse themselves in nature.
3. Needles Highway
The drive along Needles Highway is one of the most scenic in the United States, featuring narrow, winding roads and dramatic granite spires. This highway is part of the Black Hills National Forest and is named for the needle-like rock formations that dot the landscape. As you navigate through tunnels carved into the rock, take a moment to appreciate the breathtaking views. The area is also rich in hiking opportunities, with trails that lead to overlooks and hidden gems. Remember to check for any road regulations and closures, especially during winter months, to ensure a safe journey.
4. Mount Rushmore National Memorial
The journey culminates at the iconic Mount Rushmore National Memorial, where the faces of four U.S. presidents—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln—are carved into the granite face of the mountain. This monumental artwork draws nearly three million visitors annually, making it one of the most visited national memorials in the United States. The site offers a visitor center, walking trails, and educational programs that delve into the history of the monument and the sculptor, Gutzon Borglum. Visitors should be aware of the National Park Service regulations regarding park hours and visitor conduct to ensure a respectful and enjoyable experience.
5. Local Culture and Dining
Along the route, you’ll encounter small towns rich in local culture, such as Keystone and Hill City. These towns offer unique shops, galleries, and eateries that provide a taste of the region’s culinary offerings. Consider stopping at a local diner for a hearty meal or sampling regional specialties like bison burgers or fry bread. Engaging with local artisans can also provide insight into the craftsmanship and traditions of the area. Make sure to check the local health and safety regulations if dining indoors, especially during peak tourist seasons.
As you journey from Crazy Horse to Mount Rushmore, each attraction contributes to a deeper understanding of the Black Hills’ history and natural beauty. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a history buff, or simply looking for scenic views, this route offers a diverse range of experiences that cater to all interests. For more information on planning your visit, check out our [Black Hills travel guide] and [tips for visiting national parks].
Travel Tips: How to Make the Most of Your Visit to Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore
Visiting Crazy Horse Memorial and Mount Rushmore offers a unique glimpse into American history and culture. To maximize your experience at these iconic sites, it’s essential to plan your trip effectively. Start by considering the best time to visit. The peak tourist season runs from June to August, with July seeing the highest visitor numbers, approximately 1.5 million at Mount Rushmore alone. If you prefer fewer crowds, consider visiting in late spring or early fall when the weather is still pleasant, and the natural beauty of the Black Hills is at its peak.
Understanding Admission and Hours
Both sites have distinct admission policies and hours of operation. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is open year-round, with the visitor center operating from 9 AM to 5 PM in winter and extended hours during summer. Entrance is free, but parking fees apply, typically around $10 per vehicle. On the other hand, the Crazy Horse Memorial has a modest admission fee, which helps support the ongoing carving project. As of 2023, the fee is approximately $12 for adults, and children under 6 enter free. Remember to check their official websites for the most current information on hours and fees, as these can vary seasonally. [National Park Service] provides excellent resources for planning your visit.
Explore the Surrounding Areas
While both monuments are must-see attractions, the surrounding areas offer a wealth of activities and natural beauty. Take time to explore the Black Hills National Forest, which features over 1.2 million acres of stunning landscapes, hiking trails, and wildlife. The Needles Highway is particularly noteworthy, offering breathtaking views and unique rock formations. For families, the Reptile Gardens and Bear Country USA are nearby attractions that provide engaging experiences for children and adults alike. Additionally, the area is rich in Native American history, with the Crazy Horse Memorial providing cultural education through its museum and educational programs.
Safety and Regulations
While enjoying your visit, it’s crucial to adhere to U.S. National Park regulations. These include maintaining a safe distance from wildlife, as many animals in the Black Hills are wild and can be unpredictable. It’s also important to follow park rules regarding trails and designated areas. For example, hiking off designated paths can disturb fragile ecosystems and lead to injuries. Always carry plenty of water, wear appropriate footwear, and inform someone of your plans if you venture into more remote areas. Emergency services are available, but being prepared can significantly enhance your safety.
Documenting Your Visit
Don’t forget to capture the memories! Both Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore offer stunning backdrops for photographs. The evening lighting ceremony at Mount Rushmore, where the faces of the presidents are illuminated, is particularly magical. For those interested in photography, consider bringing a tripod for low-light conditions. Additionally, be mindful of the U.S. copyright laws regarding photography; while personal use is generally allowed, commercial photography may require a permit. Always check the specific regulations at each site to avoid any issues.
By following these tips, you can ensure a rewarding experience at both Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore. Whether you are a history buff, nature lover, or family looking for adventure, these iconic landmarks provide a wealth of opportunities for exploration and learning. Don’t forget to visit the official websites for the latest updates and information on special events during your visit, such as guided tours or cultural demonstrations at the Crazy Horse Memorial.
Local Regulations: What You Need to Know Before Visiting Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore
When planning a visit to iconic landmarks like Crazy Horse Memorial and Mount Rushmore, understanding local regulations is crucial for a smooth experience. Both sites are located in South Dakota, which has specific laws and guidelines that visitors must adhere to. Familiarizing yourself with these regulations not only ensures your safety but also helps preserve the cultural and natural heritage of the area.
Parking and Vehicle Regulations
Both Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore have designated parking areas, and it’s important to follow the posted regulations. For instance, the National Park Service (NPS) recommends that visitors use only the marked parking spaces to avoid fines. According to a 2021 report, over 15 million people visited national parks in the U.S., highlighting the need for organized parking to manage such large crowds. If you’re bringing an RV or trailer, be sure to check the size restrictions in advance, as not all lots can accommodate larger vehicles.
Additionally, be aware of local speed limits, especially on the winding roads leading to these attractions. South Dakota law sets speed limits that can vary from 25 mph in urban areas to 70 mph on rural highways. Always look out for signage, as speed enforcement is common, and fines can be steep.
Permits and Fees
Visiting Crazy Horse Memorial requires an entrance fee, which contributes to the ongoing work of the sculpting project. As of 2023, the fee is $12 for adults, while children under 12 are admitted free. It’s essential to have cash or a credit card ready, as some areas may not accept all forms of payment. Furthermore, Mount Rushmore National Memorial charges a parking fee of $10 per vehicle, which is valid for one year. Understanding these fees helps in budgeting your visit effectively.
For those interested in conducting professional photography or film projects, you may need a special use permit. According to the NPS, such permits are required for any commercial photography that involves models or props. The application process can take several weeks, so plan accordingly if you have a specific project in mind.
Wildlife and Environmental Regulations
Both Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore are situated in areas rich in wildlife and natural beauty. Visitors are encouraged to respect local wildlife regulations to ensure safety and preservation. For example, feeding wildlife is strictly prohibited under South Dakota law. Not only does this protect animals from harmful human food, but it also helps maintain their natural foraging instincts.
Moreover, it’s important to stay on designated trails to protect the surrounding ecosystem. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, trampling can significantly damage native plants and disrupt animal habitats. If you plan to hike or explore off the beaten path, ensure you have the proper maps and guidelines to follow, as some areas may be restricted to protect sensitive environments.
Safety and Emergency Regulations
Safety regulations are a priority at both Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore. Visitors should familiarize themselves with emergency procedures, which are typically posted throughout the parks. The NPS provides guidelines on what to do in case of an emergency, including contact numbers for park rangers.
It’s also wise to carry a first aid kit and be prepared for changing weather conditions. South Dakota experiences a wide range of temperatures and weather patterns, and it’s not uncommon for visitors to be caught off guard. Local regulations require that visitors stay hydrated and wear appropriate clothing for outdoor activities. According to the CDC, heat-related illnesses can occur even in mild weather, so awareness and preparation are key.
For more information on the specific regulations, visit the official websites of [Crazy Horse Memorial](https://crazyhorsememorial.org) and [Mount Rushmore National Memorial](https://nps.gov/moru).
Comparing the Two Monuments: Why Visit Crazy Horse After Mt. Rushmore?
When planning a visit to South Dakota, many travelers prioritize Mount Rushmore, a stunning tribute to four of America’s most significant presidents. However, just a short drive away lies the Crazy Horse Memorial, a site that offers a rich tapestry of Native American history and culture. Understanding the contrasting themes and experiences each monument provides can significantly enhance your trip.
The Cultural Significance
Mount Rushmore primarily celebrates the achievements of four U.S. presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. While it’s a magnificent feat of engineering and artistry, it often overlooks the impact of U.S. expansion on Native American communities. In contrast, the Crazy Horse Memorial is dedicated to honoring Native American heritage, specifically the legacy of the Lakota leader Crazy Horse. The memorial’s mission is to promote understanding and education about Native American history, making it a vital complement to the national narrative portrayed at Rushmore.
According to the National Park Service, over 2.5 million people visit Mount Rushmore annually, yet many of these visitors miss the opportunity to engage with the Native American perspective. Crazy Horse, which is still under construction, serves as a living testament to the resilience and culture of Indigenous peoples. Its ongoing development signifies the continuing journey toward recognition and respect for Native American rights.
Unique Visitor Experiences
While Mount Rushmore offers a grand view and a series of visitor amenities, Crazy Horse provides an immersive experience. Visitors can explore a variety of cultural exhibits, watch live demonstrations of traditional Native American crafts, and attend educational programs that delve into the complexities of Indigenous history. For example, the memorial hosts an annual Crazy Horse Volksmarch, where participants hike to the base of the mountain, allowing them to appreciate the scale of the monument while gaining insight into its cultural significance.
The Crazy Horse Memorial also features a museum dedicated to Native American artifacts, providing an invaluable opportunity to learn about the rich traditions and histories of various tribes. According to a report from the National Congress of American Indians, there are over 573 federally recognized tribes in the U.S., each with unique customs and histories. By visiting Crazy Horse, you can gain a deeper understanding of these diverse cultures, which is often absent in more mainstream tourist attractions.
Accessibility and Regulations
When considering a visit to both sites, it’s essential to be aware of U.S. laws and regulations regarding accessibility and visitor conduct. Both Mount Rushmore and Crazy Horse Memorial have made strides in ensuring access for individuals with disabilities. For example, the Crazy Horse Memorial offers wheelchair rentals and accessible pathways throughout the visitor center and museum.
Moreover, the Crazy Horse Memorial is privately funded, which means it operates independently of federal funding and regulations that govern national parks. This unique status allows for flexibility in programming and events, which often cater to a diverse audience, making it a family-friendly destination.
Support Local Communities
Visiting Crazy Horse also means supporting local Indigenous communities. A portion of the admission fees directly funds scholarships for Native American students, promoting education and economic empowerment. This contrasts with the federal funding model that supports Mount Rushmore, which does not have a direct impact on local Indigenous communities.
Moreover, engaging with local artisans and purchasing authentic Native American crafts at Crazy Horse can have a positive economic impact. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, economic development in Native American communities is crucial for self-sufficiency. By choosing to visit Crazy Horse, you’re not just enjoying a unique experience; you’re also contributing to the sustainability of Indigenous cultures and economies.
In summary, while both monuments offer distinct experiences, visiting Crazy Horse after Mount Rushmore provides a more nuanced understanding of American history, particularly the Native American perspective. This combination enriches your journey and fosters a greater appreciation for the cultural fabric of the United States. For more information on planning your visit, consider checking out our guides on [South Dakota attractions] and [cultural sites to visit].
Visitor Information: Hours, Fees, and Accessibility at Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore
Hours of Operation
Both Crazy Horse Memorial and Mount Rushmore National Memorial offer a range of visiting hours throughout the year. Typically, Crazy Horse operates from 7:00 AM to 9:00 PM during the summer months, with reduced hours in the winter, usually from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Mount Rushmore, on the other hand, has slightly varied hours, generally open from 5:00 AM to 11:00 PM, allowing visitors to witness the stunning lighting of the monument at night. It’s advisable to check their official websites before your visit, as hours may change due to special events or weather conditions.
Admission Fees
Visiting these iconic landmarks comes with its own set of fees. At Crazy Horse Memorial, the admission fee for adults is approximately $12, while children aged 6-12 pay $6, and those under 6 can enter for free. This fee supports the ongoing work of the sculptor and the educational programs offered on-site. Conversely, Mount Rushmore does not charge an entrance fee; however, there is a parking fee of $10 per vehicle. This fee is valid for the entire day and is a small price to pay for the opportunity to experience one of America’s most treasured monuments.
Accessibility Options
Accessibility is a priority at both sites, ensuring that everyone can enjoy the stunning views and educational experiences they offer. Crazy Horse Memorial is equipped with wheelchair-accessible paths, and tram tours are available for those who prefer not to walk. Furthermore, the visitor center and museum are fully accessible. At Mount Rushmore, the pathways leading to the viewing area are also accessible, with designated parking spots for visitors with disabilities. Both sites comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), providing necessary accommodations for those who require assistance.
Visitor Amenities and Services
When planning your visit, it’s essential to know about the amenities available at both locations. Crazy Horse Memorial features a comprehensive visitor center, gift shop, and restaurant, where you can enjoy a meal with a view of the monument. Additionally, the site hosts a variety of educational programs, including Native American cultural presentations. Mount Rushmore provides a visitor center with an interactive museum, a bookstore, and a café. Visitors can also participate in ranger-led programs that delve into the history and significance of the memorial, enhancing the overall experience.
Travel and Safety Regulations
While visiting these remarkable sites, it’s crucial to adhere to local travel and safety regulations. As per U.S. law, all visitors should follow posted guidelines to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. For example, parking regulations are strictly enforced at both locations, and vehicles must be parked in designated areas. Moreover, it’s advisable to keep personal belongings secure and be aware of your surroundings, especially during peak tourist seasons when foot traffic increases. For more detailed regulations, check the official sites of [Crazy Horse Memorial](https://crazyhorsememorial.org) and [Mount Rushmore](https://nps.gov/moru).
By familiarizing yourself with the hours, fees, accessibility options, and visitor amenities, you can make the most of your trip to these two iconic American landmarks. Whether you’re interested in history, culture, or simply enjoying breathtaking views, Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore offer unique experiences that reflect the spirit of the nation.
Planning Your Trip: Seasonal Considerations for Visiting Crazy Horse and Mt. Rushmore
Visiting iconic sites like Crazy Horse Memorial and Mount Rushmore requires thoughtful planning, especially when considering seasonal factors that can significantly impact your experience. Each season offers unique attributes and challenges, and understanding these can enhance your trip while ensuring your safety and enjoyment.
Spring: A Time of Renewal
Spring, particularly from late April to early June, is a wonderful time to visit the Black Hills region. The weather begins to warm up, with average temperatures ranging from 50°F to 70°F. Wildflowers bloom, and the landscape is vibrant. However, it’s essential to be aware of spring weather variability. Sudden snowstorms or rain can occur, so layering your clothing is crucial.
Additionally, spring is the start of the tourist season, which means attractions are less crowded compared to summer. For instance, Crazy Horse Memorial typically opens for the season in early May, and you can enjoy the site with fewer visitors. Always check for local regulations regarding trail accessibility, as some paths may remain closed due to lingering snow or mud.
Summer: Peak Season Adventures
Summer is undoubtedly the peak season for visiting Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore, with millions of tourists flocking to the area. The average high temperatures reach the 80s°F, making it ideal for outdoor activities. However, be prepared for the crowds; in fact, around 2.5 million visitors visit Mount Rushmore each year, with a significant spike during the summer months.
To make the most of your visit, consider the following tips:
- Arrive early to secure parking and avoid long lines.
- Plan your activities around the hottest part of the day; consider visiting in the morning or late afternoon.
- Stay hydrated and wear sunscreen, as UV levels can be high.
Moreover, both sites host special events during summer, such as the nightly lighting ceremony at Mount Rushmore, which showcases the monument in a stunning light display.
Fall: A Hidden Gem
Fall is often overlooked but can be one of the most rewarding times to visit. The changing foliage offers breathtaking views, with peak colors typically occurring in late September to early October. Temperatures begin to drop, averaging between 40°F and 70°F, so visitors should prepare for cooler weather.
Fall also sees a reduction in crowds, allowing for a more intimate experience. Crazy Horse Memorial hosts an annual Indian University of North America Powwow in September, providing a cultural insight into Native American heritage. Always check for local event schedules and any seasonal closures that might affect your visit.
Winter: A Unique Perspective
While winter may not be the most popular time to visit, it offers a unique and serene perspective of both Crazy Horse and Mount Rushmore. Snow-covered landscapes create a magical backdrop, and average temperatures can range from 20°F to 40°F. However, travel conditions can be challenging due to snow and ice, so always check road conditions before embarking on your trip.
Visitors can enjoy fewer crowds and the tranquility of the monuments in winter. However, some facilities may be closed, so it’s essential to check operational hours in advance. Winter gear, including proper footwear and thermal layers, is recommended to ensure comfort during your visit.
For more information on planning your trip, check out resources on [travel safety tips](#) and [seasonal events](#) in the Black Hills region.